ADHD - 28 Discussion Points

 

There was some of the usual controversy in the media today.  Is Attention Deficit~Hyperactivity Disorder over diagnosed or underdiagnosed?  The usual controversy contained the usual stories of how easy it is to get a diagnosis of ADHD in some places.  In some places it seems like just a matter of expense - a thousand dollar test battery. In other places there are people disabled by the condition who cannot get adequate treatment.  In the meantime there are international experts cranking out reams of papers on the importance of diagnosing and treating this condition in childhood. Occasionally an article shows up in the papiers about the cardiovascular safety of these medications. And in the New England Journal of Medicine there was a paper about a higher incidence of psychosis due to these medications.  Where does the reality lie?

I was fortunate enough to have worked at a substance use treatment center for about 12 years just prior to retiring. Only adults were treated at that facility. A significant number of them were diagnosed and treated as children. There were also a significant number of patients newly diagnosed as adults - some as old adults in their 60s and 70s. Whether or not ADHD can occur as a new diagnosis during adulthood is controversial and establishing a history consistent with childhood ADHD is problematic due to recall errors and biases. Secondary causes of ADHD in adults such as substance use problems and brain injuries increases in prevalence.  Although I am speculating, secondary causes seem a more likely cause of attentional symptoms in adults and therefore acquired ADHD without childhood ADHD if it does exist is an entirely different problem.

Prescribing stimulants to patients who may have stimulant use disorders is problematic for a number of reasons. Initially we had an administrative safeguard on the practice. Stimulant prescriptions could only be approved with a second opinion by another psychiatrist after reviewing the record. Eventually we had a core of psychiatrists who practiced the same way and the second opinion was no longer necessary.  Over the course of 12 years I developed these discussion points.  I think they are a good example of the minimum ground you need to cover in an evaluation for ADHD.  I typically had a 60-90 minute time frame to work with and could see people on a weekly basis for 30 minute follow ups. These evaluations were often controversial and resulted in collateral contacts, typically with a family member who was advocating for the stimulant prescription. 

A few basic points about ADHD and establishing the diagnosis. Like many psychiatric disorders there is no gold standard test.  Like some of the media discussions, I have been told that a person underwent days of testing before they were given the diagnosis of ADHD.  These are typical paper and pencil tests, but there have also been tests based on watching a computer screen and even crude EEG recordings. There are a few places that use very sophisticated brain imaging techniques. Unfortunately none of these methods can predict a clear diagnosis or safe and effective use of a medication that can reinforce its own use.  That leaves clinicians with diagnostic criteria and and a cut off based on functional status as a result of those symptoms.  That may not sound like much, but it eliminates a large pool of prospective ADHD patients who have no degree of impairment and those who are obviously interested in possible performance enhancement rather than ADHD treatment.  

Stimulant medications are highly abusable, as evidenced by several epidemics of use dating as far back as 1929. We are in the midst of a current epidemic.  For those reasons it is important not to add to the problem as either the individual or population levels. In my particular case, I was seeing patients who were all carefully screening for substance use and adequate toxicological screening. Since they voluntarily admitted themselves into a treatment center it was also more likely that they recognized the severity of the problem and were more open to treatment.  Even against that background - it is worth covering the above points.  Covering those points often involves repetition because of cognitive problems in detox or disagreement.

These are just a few health and safety considerations. My main concern in this area is that psychiatric treatments somehow have the reputation that they don't require medical attention. They are somehow isolated from the rest of the body. The person prescribing this medication needs to assess the total health status of the individual and determine if the medication prescribed is safe to use. Cardiac and neurological conditions are at the top of that list. I gave a blood pressure example because I have been impressed with how many people tell me that their blood pressure was not checked after a stimulant prescription or a stimulant was started despite diagnoses of uncontrolled hypertension, cardiovascular disease, cardiac arrhythmias or cerebrovascular disease.  These were typically new prescriptions in older adults with no prior history of ADHD.  

Coexisting psychiatric disorders are also problematic. Most have associated cognitive symptoms if they are inadequately treated. That is not a reason to diagnose ADHD or start a stimulant medication.  Typical symptoms that can be caused by stimulants are have to be recognized and the medication must be stopped if adjusting the dose is not helpful.

It is important to keep the range of biological heterogeneity in mind. Once you have narrowed down a population of people who most likely have ADHD, they will not all have a uniform response to medication.  They may not all want to take medication.  As adults many stopped taking ADHD medication and adapted to a work and lifestyle that works very well for them. That is a very suitable outcome for an initial assessment.  There is another group who want to try a verbal therapy for ADHD in some cases because they recognize they can no longer take stimulants because they were escalating the dose. That is also a suitable outcome for the assessment. In those people who have ADHD are want to take a medication, I think a non-stimulant medication like atomoxetine is a good place to start. In my experience it works very well.  Disagreement about stimulants, especially in people with a stimulant use disorder typically requires extended conversations with the patient and their family. A quality control initiative can provide very useful data for that conversation. I suggest that any clinic or clinician who prescribes stimulants collect outcome data on those prescriptions.  The key piece of data is a comparison of the relapse rate of those patients taking stimulants compared with patients treated with non-stimulants. Other data could be collected as well - like how long the prescriptions were refilled. There are rules about collecting that data depending on your practice setting.  Check those rules first.  Outcome data will be the best data on whether a correct decision was made about prescribing the stimulant.

I added the following slide based on polypharmacy considerations in the paper cited in reference 1.  This is a common clinical problem that needs to be approached rationally and that includes limit setting on the concept that every side effect or symptom needs to be addressed by a medication rather than a medication discontinuation, reduction, or substitution.  I always include a discussion of rare but serious side effects, synergistic side effects, drug interactions, interactions with comorbid medical problems and associated medications, and very serious interactions that could lead to hospitalization or death, like serotonin syndrome. 

I am going to end on a note about countertransference based on a disagreement I had at a conference about my methods. The speaker advocated for prescribing stimulants as a general operating practice for anyone with ADHD. When I confronted him about the problem of substance use he claimed his motivation was that he considered it his priority to "help" people and he thought that stimulants were the most helpful medication.

Whether or not a medication is helpful for any psychiatric disorder depends on a very careful assessment and clinical expertise that considers several dimensions including the potential risks and benefits for the patient and the incorporation of the patient preferences and values into the clinical decision making process.  In my evaluations, I try to sum all of that up in an informed consent discussion. In the area of ADHD evaluation and treatment, that covers a lot of ground and there is no simple uniform recommendation.

George Dawson, MD, DFAPA

Photo Credit:  Many thanks to my colleague Eduardo A. Colon, MD for allowing me to use his photos. 

Take Your Meds

"It might be because I have severe ADHD.  It might be because it was jet fuel.  I don't try to draw the line".  - Stimulant user rationalizing use.


The above comment was made by a young man in the new Netflix documentary "Take Your Meds" about stimulant medications (but mostly Adderall).  Fortunately or unfortunately depending on your viewpoint - physicians are still charged with the task of drawing the line.  I don't typically like watching documentaries, but since this is my area of expertise I thought I would watch this one.

From the outset, it was apparent that the real downsides of using tremendously addictive drugs were not going to be emphasized.  This was a sanitized version of abusable drugs.  It was stated that prescription stimulant users were a class apart from methamphetamine users.  There seemed to be an implicit message that in an egalitarian society - if the methamphetamine users had access to stimulants they would be better off. If we all could get access to performance enhancing drugs like stimulants the world would be a better place.  A neuroscientist known for this kind of social commentary made some remarks basically stating that prescription stimulant use is another example of class factors in addiction.  In this case because over half of the story was performance enhancement - that class argument was also made.  Are those lower socioeconomic kids losing out because they don't have access to this performance enhancement?  Probably not because the film makers don't present any data that performance enhancement actually occurs.  It is the idea of performance enhancement. 

A modicum of of common sense and medical use was introduced.  They showed a very concerned pediatrician treating children of mothers who had some expertise in the field and nothing seemed to help their sons than stimulant medications.  In one scene the pediatrician spends a time convincing one of these teenagers that it is up to him to take the medications. I do not know how doctors can have those conversations in awkward examination rooms with the unexamined identified patient sitting on an exam table and the doctor just standing there talking.

We meet a number of individuals over the course of the documentary.  The first is a new college freshman.  She is the first to comment the competitiveness/ performance enhancing aspect of stimulants - namely "Everybody here is on them.  They are traded and sold.  In order to be competitive I have to be on them."

We meet a former professional football player who starts taking them.  We learn about how great he felt and how much of an advantage it seemed to make in all aspects of his play and in overcoming injuries.  We learn that in the NFL, if you are a player you can get an exception to play with stimulants and take them if a doctor says that you have ADHD and then only the prescription written by the doctor.  In this case the prescription was for Vyvanse 70 mg per day with 2-10 mg Adderall as needed on top of the Vyvanse.  The Adderall was occasionally increased to 20 mg twice a day in addition to the Vyvanse.  Either way he is taking more than the recommended total amount of stiumlant per day.  One day before the game, the player in this case ran out of his usual stimulants and took Concerta (methylphenidate) from another player.  Concerta had a different profile on toxicology screening and as a result he incurred a 4 game suspension.  The details of what happens next are not clear but we see him when he is not longer playing professional football and has moved on with his life.  In an interesting postscript, he talks about the conflict of being a different person on stimulants and what it means to take credit for what that person does.

We meet a Wall Street researcher and coder.  We get opinions on what coders think of using stimulants to write code and their aspirations to write perfect code.  He paints a picture of what it is like to work for a large investment concern.  A room full of people on computers, expected to work very long hours and get rapid results.  If additional time is needed, the plan is to take stimulants and get the work done.  One night he declines stimulants, leaves work and the guy next to him stays there and at some point has a seizure from stimulants.

The common threads are the idea that stimulants are used as performance enhancers to be more competitive in academic and business environments. The idea is that every student and worker is expendable and if they can't do the job, somebody else will step up and do it therefore stimulants are necessary.  Some seem annoyed by the charade of having to convince a doctor that they have ADHD in order to get a stimulant prescription.  They would prefer just to get it without any medical diagnosis.  Hallucinogens are brought up as additional performance enhancing agents - especially microdose hallucinogens.

There are the usual suggestions that this is a pharmaceutical marketing phenomenon.  There is a brief discussion of America's first amphetamine epidemic and how the Controlled Substances Act was used to shut it down.  The producers do mention that adult prescriptions for stimulant medications now exceed the prescriptions for children. They touch on problems with a totally subjective (first-person report) and a lack of clear objective markers for a diagnosis - but not the amount of fraud that goes on to get these prescriptions.  Nobody ever points out for example, that none of these otherwise high functioning adults would qualify for the diagnosis on level of disability alone.                 

The only small bit of scientific data in the film was the work done by Farah, et al (1) who looked at the performance enhancing properties of amphetamines in health college students.  Across a large number of neuropsychological variables it seems that the only one that was significantly improved was the persons perception of their performance.  In other words, there was no objective sign that their performance was enhanced on cognitive testing but the subjects all believed they were performing better. There is more data that the performance enhancing aspects of stimulants are overblown.

That is certainly my experience interacting with amphetamine users for the last 30 plus years.  I caught the tail end of the first epidemic and starting seeing obese patients on high dose amphetamines.  Even though they had not lost a pound and were still very obese, they insisted on staying on high dose stimulants and were fearful they would gain weight if they stopped.  In those days it was not uncommon to get a call to the Emergency Department because there was a narcoleptic patient there form another state who was taking high dose stimulants (> 100 mg/ day of amphetamines) for narcolepsy.  My job was to figure out if the patient really had narcolepsy or they were lying to get stimulants.

Today my job is a little more subtle.  Adults are operating from many levels of misconception about both stimulants and ADHD.  Today I rarely meet an adult who does not think they have ADHD - even if they have a superior level of academic and vocational achievement. In some cases they have been swayed by the non-specific effects of stimulants - "I took my son's Adderall and for the first time I was able to focus and read well."  In many cases they are influenced by professionals who have heard about the high heritability of ADHD and interpret this to mean if they diagnose a child with ADHD it means the parents and in some cases the grandparents have it.  I have seen generations diagnosed this way.  I  work in the addiction field and everyone who is addicted to stimulants believes that they cannot live without them. They get quite angry if they are not supplied.  That same population is in withdrawal form using very high doses of prescription or non-prescription stimulants and they also present with a residual ADHD that cannot be distinguished from ADHD but it is due to acute and chronic changes from stimulant overuse.  Last but not last, the medical and potential medical complications of amphetamine use need to be carefully determined.  Hypertension, cardiac changes,  arrhythmias, and movement disorders are all fairly common in people who overuse stimulants.

 These are a few of the major points that the Netflix documentary leaves out.  It touches a few of the high points but like most media pieces it gets too focused on human interest stories.  Historical lessons like what happened during the First Amphetamine Epidemic seem to be lost.  When that ended in the 1970s even the rock bands of that era were sending the message that "Speed kills!"  Addiction is more likely to happen if it is taken because for performance enhancement.  Any time a person operates from the perspective that taking a medication will greatly enhance their performance, it is difficult to not think that "more is better."

If you are a bottom line person, I think you will be disappointed if you want to learn some science about ADHD and stimulant treatment in this documentary.  You will hear a few sound bites but not much more.  If your interest is more in the pharmaceutical industry selling stimulants and marketing them excessively, you will also get the superficial story.  There is much more detail on annual prescriptions and trends.  On a historical basis, I produced a timeline extracted from a history of America's first amphetamine epidemic that covers everything in the film and more without the film clips of Jack Kerouac.  If you are an addiction specialist like I am, I think there is a message there that most of the prescriptions for adults are not for ADHD but for some type of cognitive enhancement and the basis for that is thin.  That is a good take away message, but the real downside is not that apparent.

That downside is addiction.  Compulsively using stimulants to the point that your life, your relationships, and your health are destroyed is as possible with prescription stimulants as it is with methamphetamine.  Both are sold on the street by the same dealers.  Contrary to what you read in the press or pick up in this film all it takes is exposure to amphetamines and the right genetic make-up to create an addiction.  Having true ADHD, or the right socioeconomic standing, or willpower doesn't protect you against addiction.  Once an addiction to prescription or nonprescription stimulants occurs it is a very difficult problem to recover from.  Unlike opioids and alcohol - there are no known medications to assist in recovery. 

So like most treatments in medicine, stimulants need to be cautiously applied.  Indiscriminate use for performance enhancement does not seem like a good idea to me because it will cause proportionally more addiction and the cognitive gains across the population are minimal mostly restricted to the  perception that you are doing much better than you are. 

Not a good reason for taking stimulant medications unless you really need them.


George Dawson, MD, DFAPA
 





References:

1: Ilieva I, Boland J, Farah MJ. Objective and subjective cognitive enhancing effects of mixed amphetamine salts in healthy people. Neuropharmacology. 2013 Jan;64:496-505. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.07.021. Epub 2012 Aug 1. PubMed PMID: 22884611.

2: Smith ME, Farah MJ. Are prescription stimulants "smart pills"? The epidemiology and cognitive neuroscience of prescription stimulant use by normal healthy individuals. Psychol Bull. 2011 Sep;137(5):717-41. doi: 10.1037/a0023825. Review. PubMed PMID: 21859174

3: Bagot KS, Kaminer Y. Efficacy of stimulants for cognitive enhancement in non-attention deficit hyperactivity disorder youth: a systematic review. Addiction. 2014 Apr;109(4):547-57. Review. PubMed PMID: 24749160.