I offered an opinion on existential psychopharmacology recently and after completing those three tweets - decided that a more comprehensive look at this issue was in order. Psychiatrists have been debating the extent of what can be done in time-limited sessions for at least 25 years now. Those debates basically come down to what the government and businesses allow psychiatrists to do. About 25 years ago there was a billing and coding scheme that suggested that psychiatrists could do a few things including a comprehensive evaluation, follow-up visits, follow-up visits with psychotherapy, and family therapy. Eventually the follow-up visits without psychotherapy are broken down into “medication management” visits and very brief medication management visits. If you happen to work as an employee that might mean you had to see four or five people an hour and do the necessary documentation and billing. There were bitter debates about whether that was a long enough period of time to see someone. Because these designations all trickled down from the government and the business world they had very little to do with whether or not a psychiatrist could provide services that they thought were needed in those time frames. There some articles about how psychiatrists are just focused on medications and “no longer did psychotherapy”. There were counter arguments by psychiatrists and community mental health centers saying that they could provide adequate services in those time frames for a lot of people. The politics escalated the point that psychiatrists were being stereotyped as specialists who are only interested in prescribing medications.
Any critical thinker could question the idea of
“prescription only” psychiatry. Looking at a few common scenarios illustrates
why that is not possible or defensible irrespective of the fact that
psychiatrists are trained to provide comprehensive mental health services. A
common example encountered in clinical practice is the crisis situation. The psychiatrist is treating a patient who
they have been seeing for any length of time who suddenly experiences a crisis
in their life usually due to an overwhelming loss or stressor. The appointment
is no longer focused on the long-term treatment and needs to refocus acutely on
the crisis. The crisis generally affects the evaluation and treatment of the
long-term problem and I have had many patients state that explicitly at the
beginning of those appointments. Medications can be prescribed for crises but
in general the best approach is psychotherapy. Staying with a rigid approach to the original
problem is not only ineffective but it harms the therapeutic alliance between
the psychiatrist and the patient. That alliance is built on the patient knowing
that they are being heard and understood by the psychiatrist. Ignoring a new
crisis fails that test.
Another common example about why “prescription only” psychiatry
fails is problems that need to be discussed rather than treated medically.
These vary from comprehensive analyses of various medical problems and how they
fit into the psychiatric formulation to stressors and social problems. In many
cases the approach is educational.
Common examples there would include recommendations on sleep, diet, and
exercise where they apply. But the examples include supportive psychotherapy
for interpersonal conflicts, maladaptive problem-solving, and any clear
sequence of behavior that the patient has questions about that can benefit from
additional discussion.
It doesn’t take too much consideration to understand that
psychiatrists need to talk with their patients in great depth in order to
establish a treatment relationship that works.
That is not to say that there are suboptimal practices at either end. I have certainly talked with people who told
me that their last doctor always seemed poised over a prescription pad and
would only talk about medications. There are some mass prescribing practices in
primary care that depend on checklist descriptions of symptoms for a diagnosis
and then that diagnosis for a well-defined list of prescriptions. There are
also patients who tell me that they were seeing a psychiatrist who was
psychotherapy focused and very reluctant to consider a medication. Eventually they did get someone to prescribe
a medication that worked and they decided to terminate with that psychiatrist
for not presenting medication alternatives to them. Psychiatric practice is all about a balanced
presentation of the diagnostic formulation and ways to address it and that
always includes a dialogue with the patient that communicated both information
and understanding.
Case Example:
I am working in a large trauma center on
weekend call and have seen a number of admissions to the acute care unit. I get a call to the Coronary Care Unit about
a recent admission who is tearful and depressed. She was admitted to rule out a
myocardial infarction and that was done but the fellow is concerned about
discharging her without treatment for depression.
I interview the patient and she is definitely
depressed and tearful. I learn that she has recently retired and is having some
difficulty finding meaning in her life.
She was previously the CEO of a large company and her day was scheduled
for years. It was so scheduled that she
needed an assistant and was in constant contact with her. She has never seen a psychiatrist or
psychotherapist before and never been treated for depression. She has two adult
children and did not have postpartum depression associated with either
pregnancy. She is generally healthy and
physically active. Her husband has
noticed that she is less interested in some of their mutual activities – tennis
and travelling.
The best way to conceptualize therapeutic discussions is to
see it as an extension of interviewing and psychotherapy training. There is
always plenty of hostility associated with the idea that psychiatrists might be
doing psychotherapy with patients while they are discussing medications and
medical treatment. There should not
be. I have already illustrated in this
post why it is impossible to function as a psychiatrist without
psychotherapeutic discussions. The psychiatrists who I know who were highly regarded
by patients approached all patient encounters this way. They expected there was going to be a discussion
with the patient that had nothing to do with their medications, but that was
essential in some way to the patient’s wellbeing. How exactly does that happen?
The basics start with those initial interviewing
skills. In psychiatry, an emphasis on
empathy, boundaries, and therapeutic neutrality adds a lot to those skills. Talking to hundreds of patients and discussing
those experiences with supervisors adds even more. I can recall for example, listening to a supervisor
talk about how to directly express caring for the patient (“I am really
concerned about your ability to take care of yourself”) and operationalizing
that for the patient to assure their survival.
I recall seeing another one of my supervisors telling a patient who was sobbing
uncontrollably to “snap out of it” (in a nice way) in order to proceed with
identifying the patient’s problems. When I saw that happen it was shocking for
a trainee, but watching the interview it was clear that was a necessary skill.
An additional level of skill building occurs with one-to-one
psychotherapy with patients and the corresponding 1:1 supervision by staff
clinicians. In my case, I was supervised based on direct observation, audio tapes,
video tapes, and process notes – 3 ongoing cases/week for three years. Those
supervisors were also a rich source of texts and papers on psychotherapy
technique. As I was starting psychotherapy training I read texts by Grinker,
Arieti, Sullivan, Yalom, Beck, Klerman and Weismann, Basch, Werman, Dewald and
others. I attended an APA seminar by
Kernberg and read his research. I
attended an APA seminar by David Burns and read his book. I read the competing approach by Kohut and read
the “Two Analyses of Mr. Z” and several other papers. I was exposed to Lorna Smith Benjamin’s Structural
Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB) and Viederman’s psychodynamic life narrative. I remember thinking of Viederman’s paradigm
as I interviewed a young patient and realizing that she was describing neuropsychiatric
symptoms consistent with complex partial seizures and having to change the
paradigm and refocus the interview. The
ability to do that is all part of the complexity of psychiatric treatment.
Getting back to my clinical example, we discussed
the patient’s transition into retirement as being the most significant factor
that eventually led to more depression, panic attacks, and admission
to a coronary care unit. With that as a
major focus of the interview the cardiologist’s questions about acute suicide
risk, transfer to a psychiatry unit and medical treatment could all be
addressed. The recommended treatment was psychotherapy rather than a
medication. The Cardiology fellow was
still making rounds when I finished. I
talked with her about the existential aspects of the patient’s crisis. Luckily the fellow was a creative writing and
philosophy major and knew where I was coming from. The discharge proceeded
without a hitch and the patient was clearly improved when she left.
What I am describing is essentially a supportive psychotherapy
approach. I notice the themes that
various psychotherapies were designed to address and test them out with the assistance
of the patient. Do they seem to be
relevant to the patient or not? Most importantly what can be said in that context
that will be the most useful to the patient? That can vary from education about
the therapy and the theory, to a clarification tying various events and
reactions together, to an interpretation based on the developmental history discussed
over the course of the interview. Once
that has been done and documented in an initial assessment it continues to evolve
over the course of treatment and sometimes beyond. I have had people come back years later to
discuss additional developments – all in the 30-minute interview. When you have 30 minutes to provide comprehensive psychiatric treatment – it can be done.
For the person interested in existential psychopharmacology, Ghamei,
Glick and Ellison have written about it as a “humanistic approach to the med
check” (1). In this article the
authors emphasize the need for human connectedness and how it is necessary for
psychopharmacology. It basically emphasizes
recognition of the individual and personalized treatment rather than seeing
people as cross sections of symptoms. I
could not agree with the authors more and have outlined common areas of discussion that I try to cover in psychiatric visits. They discuss pejoratives
of the 15 minute “med check” that focus almost exclusively on target symptoms
and medications for this target symptoms.
I agree that it is suboptimal care but I also cannot forget where it came
from. It is a product of the government
and the health care business community. Historically, there is no psychiatrist
who stood out for saying: “From now on let’s see all of our patients for 10-15
minutes and pretend that only changing their medications is effective psychiatric
care”. There were definitely business administrators
who said: “If you want to get paid, we want you to see this clinic full of
patients every 15 minutes.” Purely medication-based
treatment is not really psychiatric treatment and it continues today as collaborative
care. In some of the original collaborative care models – the unique experience
of the patient is completely ignored.
All patients complete the same rating forms for anxiety and depression
and decisions are made on that basis.
The patient’s conscious experience is collapsed into an aggregate number
and a rating on the subscale of suicidal thinking. The models are at the opposite
end of the spectrum from personalized care and are heavily promoted by managed
care companies and governments who consider some of these aggregate measures to
be “quality measures”. I attended a meeting two years ago, where people were trying to use tens of thousands of these rating scale reports to develop an artificial intelligence approach to predicting suicide for these numbers. Human consciousness is not that simple.
I know that many will see a 30 minutes appointment with a
psychiatrist as a luxury or “too much expense”. In fact, it is a starting
point. Once treatment proceeds, every aspect of treatment including frequency and
intensity can be discussed in sessions.
One of the most well-liked psychiatrists (by his patients) that I have known, had several large
clinics where he typically saw most people for 20 minutes, but 30 minutes when he
needed to. Over the years he knew the several hundred people in these clinics
very well and his patients did very well.
George Dawson, MD, DFAPA
References:
1: Ghaemi SN, Glick
ID, Ellison JM. A Commentary on Existential Psychopharmacologic Clinical
Practice: Advocating a Humanistic Approach to the "Med Check". J Clin
Psychiatry. 2018;79(4):18ac12177. Published 2018 Apr 24. doi:10.4088/JCP.18ac12177 (free full text)
Addendum 1:
I was tempted to come up with a catchy name to encompass my
approach to medical treatment and psychotherapy. I can see why the authors like
the term existential.
Addendum 2:
I don’t want to give the impression that my psychotherapy
education ended in residency. It is an
ongoing process and I am always open to new techniques to help my
patients. The same way I study the
medical conditions of my patients and make sure I completely understand the
potential complications for psychiatric care.
Addendum 3:
I hope to come up with an additional post of the supportive
psychotherapy techniques that I have found useful over the years and how I see
that field evolving.
