The Real Solution To Burnout

One of my favorite things these days is the concept (or is it diagnosis?) of burnout.  It seems to be a popular topic in medical and psychiatric news these days.  In the Psychiatric Times January 2016 edition, Editor in Chief Allan Tasman, MD published a column on burnout entitled My New Years Prescription for You.  He goes on to detail the syndrome and what can be done about it.  He points out the high prevalence of burnout in physicians including house staff, physicians in general and psychiatrists.  These studies generally depend on checklist surveys of symptoms suggestive of "burnout."  Dr. Tasman points out that they are relatively nonspecific and people may not see psychiatrists about burnout until there are more recognizable syndromes of anxiety or depression.

My problem with the concept of burnout is that it doesn't accurately describe the problem.  As I think back on some of my most engaging clinical rotations in training - the teams frequently worked to the point of exhaustion.  The attending came in the next day.  There was an air of collegiality and a lot of learning occurred.  There was a lot of dark humor on the part of house staff.  There was an understanding that all of this exhausting work would end some day when you made the transition to a staff or attending physicians and could work more normal hours.  That was the late 1980s and early 1990s.  As politicians and business people wrested control away from physicians, suddenly most physicians continue to work like they are house staff.  Senior physicians in their 60s are suddenly taking all night call and working 60-70 hours per week.  Hospitalist services were invented requiring physicians to work 7 days on and 7 days off - another exhausting schedule.  I have observed to many of these physicians that they are working like they did when they were house staff - interns and residents.  They numbly shake their heads in the affirmative when I ask them that question.  They also acknowledge the fact that by day 6, their cognitive capacity is markedly diminished.  Suddenly it takes them twice as long to do tasks especially all of the documentation.

The reference to Studer in the Tasman article is interesting.  I don't know if any other physicians have had to suffer through a business consultant-based inservice on how to improve "customer satisfaction scores".  There are discussions on how to introduce yourself to the "customer".  There are the usual business based mnemonics.  Physicians may actually have to demonstrate that they know how to introduce themselves to "customers"!  Think about that for a second, especially if you are a psychiatrist who was trained for years in how to interact with patients rather than customers.  If you are a psychiatrist who passed the oral boards,  you know that failing to make the appropriate introduction led to an immediate failure on that exam.  Now flash forward to the bizarre world where patients are "customers" and now there is a formula designed by business people who know relatively nothing about interacting with patients in a therapeutic manner.   You are expected to demonstrate competency in this shallow business paradigm that is setup to optimize results on customer satisfaction surveys.  This is a great example of how physicians are stressed on a regular basis in health care organizations and their time is wasted.  It is also a great example of how public relations, rather than the latest medical knowledge is the dominant performance metric for healthcare organizations.  If there is a recipe for burnout - this is it.

The dynamics of burnout are the dynamics of many clinical situations that psychiatrists try to address.  The referrals are people with chronic depression or depression that seems to have occurred as a result of a sudden change in their life circumstances.  A common scenario is an unreasonable employer or work supervisor.  I will understand it if the employers jump in here and say that they are entitled to tell people how they want them to work for their salary or that their employees are free to find another job.  Those are political arguments that I don't really care about.  Those arguments are also improbable ways of addressing burnout.

When I am faced with person who is chronically anxious and depressed, chronically sleep deprived due to forced swing shifts or double shifts, is dealing with an obnoxious demanding boss, and is not able to change jobs for economic or insurance reasons - I know the patient and I are up against a wall.  I speculate that there are millions of people in this situation who are diagnosed with one anxiety or depressive disorder or another or chronic insomnia and who are trying to get some kind of treatment to alleviate this stress.  There is no evidence that I am aware of that treatment that targets what is basically a chronic stress response is effective.  There may be some small incremental changes if people feel supported and are getting active feedback in therapy about how to deal with the stress in realistic ways, how the dynamics may have personal meaning, and how to reframe the stressful relationships but many people are likely to stay in treatment for the diagnosis for months or years and have little to show for it.  Many people have the expectation that there is a medication that will restore their ability to function in this situation and not require any significant changes on their part.  That is completely false.

That brings me to the issue of physician burnout.  Burnout is more than the clinical diagnoses that are used to describe people who are experiencing chronic workplace stress.  The current work environment for physicians is designed to produce burnout, anxiety, depression, and all of the associated comorbidity.  One of the central dynamics is administrators with no medical knowledge creating an environment that moves physicians away from patients and creates an onerous clerical and administrative burden.  The large increase in managers has created an environment that is both hostile and full of busy work.  The idea that this is something that can be overcome with medications, meditation, exercise, lifestyle management or psychotherapy leaves a lot to be desired.  It is time that psychiatrists focus on an optimized environment for mental and physical well being rather than than trying to treat the fallout from some of those horrific scenarios.

Addressing burnout in physicians is more than a health and wellness consult.  It is more than a weekend retreat to a local resort.  It is more than "lifestyle changes" when you don't have enough time to have a life.  It is a lot more than going on vacation and realizing that on the day you come back - it is like you never left.  Optimizing the work environment for physicians rather than treating burnout is a good place to start.  Recognizing this when it happens in our patients is also more useful than treating it like depression.



George Dawson, MD, DFAPA





  

Neurotic Kids

I was watching the FX comedy program Louie (Season 5 Episode 5) and encountered one of the funniest scenes I have seen on television.  Louie is a neurosis based comedy, but it is also a show that many people will not be comfortable with because of content that results in the MAL warning.  In this episode Louie takes his 10 year old daughter in to see Dr. Bigelow played by Charles Grodin.  I heard that Grodin came out of retirement to play this character largely because he was impressed with Louis CK's technical expertise in filming the program.  We met him in an earlier season when he was trying to dispel Louie of the notion that he has done anything to get rid of his back pain and instead focuses on the philosophical predicament of the three-legged dog that he is walking.  After an introduction to the state of that animal he asks Louie: "What is the only thing happier than a 3-legged dog?"  I won't give away the lesson but you can find it on YouTube.

In this episode, Louie has brought his 10 yr old daughter Jane in to see Dr. Bigelow.  There are some preliminaries about whether she had a rash on her arm for 2 days or 30 days that has since cleared.  From there Jane goes on to consider: "Weird things in my head."  She is feeling like "I am sweating on the inside of my face" and builds this description with several "and then" clauses until she comes to a fantastic conclusion.  Dr. Bigelow looks at her and without skipping a beat gives her a response that I have both heard from physicians and takes care of the problem.  It also immediately shifts the frame from: "Is there something unusual about the way that Jane thinks?" to this being a completely acceptable exchange between a 10 year old and an old family doctor.  I am not going to disclose Dr. Bigelow's punch line for those who have not seen this episode and I encourage you to watch it.  It is worth it for this one scene that is so artistic, with timing so great, and it is the best acting from a child actor that I have ever seen.   It is incredibly funny.  I laughed out loud when I saw it and still laugh when I think of it.  Dr. Bigelow's comment is an example of the implicit message: "I am taking you seriously at the neurotic kid level and not commenting on your behavior like you are a little adult." It also caused me to reflect on my childhood as a neurotic kid.

Neurosis is an old word these days.  To me it always meant conflicted either in reality or at some symbolic level.  If therapists are involved, the conflicts end up being conceptualizations based on their theoretical models.  No matter how you cut it, anxiety is the common affect and there is usually a lot of it focused around unrealistic patterns of worry.  The child psychiatrists that I know dismiss many of the eccentric behaviors they hear about and are unconcerned about what a lot of parents seem very concerned about.  I have not assessed or treated children in over 25 years.  My work comes at the tail end of childhood neurosis.  The 18 year olds in high school and college students who become suicidal after their first boyfriend or girlfriend breaks off the relationship.  It has given me the opportunity to advise them why they are hurting and about life in general.  They seem to understand that by the time they get to my age that those problems in life will not hit them nearly as hard.  I reassure them that when that happens, meeting me will be a distant memory and I will probably be the only psychiatrist they will have ever met.

But it wasn't that long ago that I was a neurotic kid myself.  I won't disclose the full breadth of what happened to me so bear that in mind when you read about some of these incidents.  The first bad sign was that I have never really slept well.  Sixty years later that is still a problem.   I  am a chronic insomniac.  I also recall vivid nightmares as a kid, with frequent visits from a being I called a "Deathalow."  The Deathalow would just walk into my room at night and look very scary.  It was the kind of behavior you see in a lot of horror movies, so this is probably a common experience.  My parents and everyone else were puzzled because nobody had ever heard of a Deathalow.  But they finally caught a glimpse of the inner workings of my mind when I started pointing at Catholic nuns and screaming: "Deathalows."  Some time later, I pieced together the fact that Deathalows were a composite of a very bad chalk drawing of my grandmother's face in a nun's habit.

Just a few years later I was sitting in our living room watching television and I saw what appeared to be a Sir Walter Raleigh like figure walking up behind my father and preparing to stab him with a dagger.  I shouted out what was happening and my parents freaked out.  My mother was a frequent caller to our family physician and his advice was clear: "Stick him in a tub of ice water."  No visit to the ER to see the crisis team, just ice water.  They did so immediately, and while I was there I watched the comedy/tragedy masks on the walls in the bathroom laughing and crying while snakes slithered up toward the ceiling.  That was at least until I cooled off.   Then all of the hallucinations vanished.  But it was the death of a family member that was all I needed to develop the longest preoccupation that I had in childhood - death and physical illnesses.  For a while I was preoccupied with having cancer, rabies or being poisoned.  I recall one incident after a Soviet nuclear test when we were warned about a large cloud of fallout passing over northern Wisconsin.  We were advised to stay indoors.  At the peak of that fallout, I can recall seeing radioactive particles floating in the air.  The rabies preoccupation was the longest.  I played football almost every day and was always alert to the presence of dogs.  At one point, I thought that a dog may have had rabies and I had inoculated myself with the virus after I fell catching a pass.  For months, I monitored myself for the development of symptoms of rabies.  I would get up several times a night to look in the mirror to see if my physical appearance was changing (I was up anyway).

Around this time, I started to get nightmares about a large glass pyramid.  There were several tiers of panels in the pyramid and on each panel was the face of a woman wearing Kabuki make-up shouting in a shrill voice: "Chinese ghosts!".  In each case, I would wake up extremely anxious and wonder why I was dreaming that dream.  And then... one night I decided that I really did not have to walk into that pyramid.  It had a very long entrance-way.  I thought before I fell asleep that night: "Just wake up if it looks like you are going into the pyramid,  You don't have to go into that pyramid."  And I was right.  I woke myself up before the entrance to the pyramid and it was gone.  I never dreamed that dream again.  But the neurotic behavior in the daytime was harder to get a handle on for a long time.  I had to tell myself that I had no control over if I lived or died.  In some cases, I got some very negative feedback on the poisoning hypothesis as in: "Are you accusing me of poisoning you?"  I eventually forced myself to think of other things.   Eventually that forced aspect was gone as I developed more interests.  As my reading and research in other areas increased, my worries about cancer, rabies, and death dissipated.

Throughout all of this, I never saw a counselor, therapist, or psychiatrist.  I got the "Dr. Bigelow advice" from our family physician with treatments ranging from "throw him in a tub of ice water" to a rather primitive creosote-like nasal lavage that all of the kids in my family got if we went in to see him for a cold.  I am convinced it was an aversive therapy to keep us out of his office.  I have never seen that treatment used anywhere else in medicine.  

This merely scratches the surface of my experience as a neurotic kid.  It may be why I got such a laugh out of Dr. Bigelow's advice.  And of course it also causes me to wonder what would have happened if I had received psychotherapy or medication for these "symptoms."  Would I have encountered one of the wise child psychiatrists I know or somebody who thought I was psychotic?  I was definitely not as calm about it back then as I am recalling it now - there were after all snakes on the walls!

But I eventually turned it around on my own and became a guy who can appreciate the humor in being a neurotic kid and somebody who can relate to them.


George Dawson, MD, DFAPA




Supplementary 1:  No guarantees on how you will find Louie.  I find much of his comedy brilliant, but some is also cringeworthy so as always watch at your own risk.  The segment I am talking about is less than 2 minutes long about 2 1/2 minutes into Season 5 Episode 5.

Supplementary 2:  To all my psychiatric colleagues out there, I did think about these disclosures.  Hardly anybody reads this blog and I don't anticipate doing any transference based psychotherapy.  I think it is also pretty obvious that you reach a point in your life where all of these neurotic behaviors are irrelevant.  All of the other main players are dead or forgotten and there is no emotional impact.  The experiences themselves are history and have been for 50 years.  That is how I chose the disclosures.  In part they were also modeled on some disclosures I have read in books written by psychiatrists who disclosed things that happened to them as adults.

Supplementary 3:  The more I reflected on the historical context of neurosis, the more I realized that it means something different now than when I was a kid.  When I was a kid, it meant that you were crazy in the popular sense of the word.  Nobody had a nuanced appreciation of mental illness and how anxiety or obsessions were different from psychotic disorders.  Today, I think neurotic behavior is reinforced to a point.  For example, the parents who say: "He or she is 12 going on 30" and seem to see their children as small adults who may need some competitive advantage like cognitive enhancement.

Supplementary 4:  The glass pyramid graphic is a download from Shutterstock for non-commercial use only and this is a non-commercial blog.
 
Supplementary 5:   A useful interview question for adults with anxiety and depression:  "There are all kinds of theories about how people get anxious.  One of those theories is that our minds come up with stories to fit the level of anxiety that we have.  That can be transmitted from one person to another.  Looking back on your childhood can you recall anyone who seemed to transmit their anxiety to you?

No - I Don't Have Generalized Anxiety Disorder

I was reading a copy of JAMA the other day and a story written by a transplant surgeon Jeremy M. Blumberg, MD.  It was an excellent description of surgical training to the point of autonomy and then the nagging uncertainty of whether the surgery you have trained for years to do will go well.  Will you avoid mistakes?  He describes his first transplant as an attending:

"This operating room was new to me; the nurses were friendly but foreign.  The instruments were familiar, but somehow felt different - was there just a barely palpable increase in tension in the muscles of my hand causing this effect?  The patient's blood vessels were hard, thickened from years of dialysis and diabetes.  She bled more than usual when we reperfused the kidney.  It felt as if every last molecule of epinephrine had rushed out of my glands and nerves, squeezing my blood vessels and taunting my intestines to detonate...."  (p. 1676)

I hear you brother.  I thought that level of anxiety over the balance between doing the impossible and not doing harm might fade away over the years but it has not.  In psychiatry a lot of it depends on the level of complexity that your patients have.  It can be an acute situation but more often than not - it is a problem throughout the day that you take home with you.  Additional medical conditions, non psychiatric medications, polypharmacy, and difficult to treat disorders all compound the problem.  I have designed a hierarchy to illustrate what I mean.  It turns out that when I think about it, the acute problems seen by psychiatrists are not at the top.  The problems at the top are typically problems where there is no good guidance, where you are on your own, left with biologically determined probabilities and you need to come up with your best estimate of what will happen given current circumstances.  The problems encompass both psychiatry and the medicine associated with psychiatry.

Let me provide an example of both.  In the case of the psychiatric problem the usual scenario is a case of impaired judgment.  Is the person at risk for death or self injury?  Are they able to cooperate with the assessment and treatment plan.  Do they seem changed to the point that you can no longer accept their responses as being accurate?  Are you treating them for acute and chronic suicidal ideation and behavior?  Any acute care psychiatrist ends up assessing thousands of the situations across the course of their career.  It is often much more complex than an acute assessment.  Many of these scenarios unfold in the context of ongoing psychotherapy and in order for the patient to be able to improve some risk is taken.  In other cases there are calls to warn people and in extreme cases - calls to the police to check on a person who might be in trouble.  I have not seen it studied but the stress of these situations for the psychiatrist involved is well known.   Overthinking the situation in order to avoid the unexpected call that one of your patients has suicided or killed someone is common.  In my conversations with medical students over the years, one of the main deterrents to psychiatric residency is the worry about suicide prediction.

The medical situations are as complex and they frequently have no clear solution.  A common scenario is that the person has a severe mental illness and they develop a problem that leads to to rethinking the medication they are taking.  A common scenario is a person on maintenance therapy who suddenly develops a renal or hepatic problem necessitating a change in therapy.  The best example is bipolar disorder and lithium therapy.  Lithium remains the drug of choice for many people with bipolar disorder and it can be highly effective.  When I first started to practice it was common to see people who had repeated institutionalizations for bipolar disorder suddenly stabilized on lithium.  Their functional capacity was restored and they were able to return to work and establish families.  In those early days, the issue of lithium nephrotoxicity was not clearly observed.  There was a major study of people on lithium maintenance for decades that showed no difference in renal function.  In the last 15-20 years most nephrologists agree that lithium can lead to renal insufficiency and failure in a minority of patients on lithium therapy.  In the case of a person that lithium has been working well for 30 years, there is no guarantee that anything else will work as good.  That translates to no hospitalizations in a long time to frequent hospitalizations every year.  Monitoring that therapy and in some cases following the patient while they are in dialysis or after transplantation is on example of a situation that you can't leave at the office.

In many ways, the stress and anxiety in psychiatric practice is a measure of attempting to predict the unpredictable.  Psychiatry has accurately said that psychiatrists can't predict future behavior or rare events to explain why all suicides and homicides cannot be prevented.  But some sort of probability statement is inherent in all medical practice.  I would estimate it still happens to me about every three weeks.  Something isn't right and I don't have an exact answer.  It becomes an obsession to an extent.  Laying awake in bed.  Getting up to do some additional research but realizing ahead of time that the yield is low.  Realizing that no matter what decision you make - all of the outcomes are probably going to be suboptimal.  You always get to the point where you  can feel the adrenaline molecules rushing and your heart pounding.  You know you are tense and starting to break into a light sweat.  You readjust yourself in bed and realize your back and shoulders are as tight as a frozen hydraulic jack.  You might actually check your pulse and blood pressure and find that  they are elevated.  It goes on like this until something happens and the intellectual crisis abates.  Sometimes that takes a while - at one point months and a beta blocker to break up the stress induced tachycardia and hypertension.

No I don't have generalized anxiety disorder - I am a doctor trying to deal with the uncertainties of being human.

George Dawson, MD, DFAPA

Revolutionizing the Treatment of Anxiety and Depression

In a word - computers.

I had the good fortune of training with John Greist, MD  at the University of Wisconsin in the 1980s.  Interestingly, many people have the opinion that Dr. Greist is firmly in the camp of biomedical psychiatry.  He and his long time colleague James Jefferson, MD regularly give Door County symposia on the medical treatment of mood and anxiety disorders.  They are highly regarded for their scholarship and teaching ability.  If you haven't listened closely enough over the years, you might miss the fact that Dr. Greist has consistently pointed out the superiority of psychotherapy for various conditions and that  computerized versions of the same psychotherapy perform as well as seeing a therapist.

At a recent MPS meeting, Dr. Greist gave a presentation on computerized therapy.  He made a compelling argument for computerized psychotherapy based on a recent meta-analysis of effectiveness and a comparison of the cost effectiveness of developing moderately effective drugs compared to very cost effective and potentially more effective computerized psychotherapies.  He was an innovator in the field publishing some of the original research and designing some of the original software.  At this meeting he made a strong argument that the software is inexpensive, potentially as effective and more consistent than human therapists and for many conditions more effective than medication.

If there was any market value in the existing mental health field, Dr. Greist's concept would be disruptive.  It would potentially change the way that treatment is provided, especially treatment of anxiety and mood disorders.   Think about the way that treatment of these disorders is currently delivered.  Twenty percent of the adult population is at annual risk.  About 40 percent of that group seeks treatment primarily through primary care clinics.  Very few people see psychiatrists and very few people need to.  The standard of care for almost everyone else is taking a medication prescribed by a primary care clinic.  Many people are treated with benzodiazepines and sedative hypnotic medications that have no efficacy in anxiety or depression and they continue these medications on a chronic basis.  If psychotherapy is available it is two or three sessions of crisis intervention or supportive psychotherapy rather than research proven therapy for a specific disorder.

The lack of availability of psychotherapy in the health care system is another direct result of managed care and rationing.  Managing most of the anxiety and depression with medications and brief visits is ideal for the bean counters.  Outpatient clinics become an assembly line of 15 minute "med checks".   The only reality is a medication and whether that medication works and is tolerated.   An occasional manager may insist that the clinic double book patients to compensate for missed appointments or extra appointments to generate more revenue.

I noticed  today in an effort to send an e-mail to my internist that his primary care clinic offers e-mail consults on treating anxiety and depression for $40.  That is about what most psychiatrists get paid for a face-to face consultation.  I wonder if the $40 fee includes a description of the psychotherapies that might work better than medication?

Enter computerized psychotherapy.  Instead of waiting to get into a clinic that is based solely on medications, a person with anxiety and or depression accesses an Internet Clinic and proceeds through a number of self-guided and computerized cognitive behavioral therapy options.  There are options for preferences, combination therapies, and inadequate response to computerized therapy.  There is no need to travel to a clinic and there is no waiting.  The therapy is available on demand and for free. The cost of treating thousands of patients is trivial, basically limited to staff to maintain the web site, collect treatment data, analyze outcomes, and modify the software as necessary.

All of this has been a known possibility for about two decades.   Why isn't it happening?  Why is mental health treatment limited to medications when psychotherapy, even by a machine is superior in many cases?  Over those two decades we have seen unprecedented rationing of mental health services.  We have seen what used to be clinical decisions turned into business decisions.  The end result has not only been lower quality clinical care but a complete lack of innovation.  It is time for the pendulum to swing back in the right direction.    

George Dawson, MD, DFAPA

Andrews G, Cuijpers P, Craske MG, McEvoy P, Titov N (2010) Computer Therapy for the Anxiety and Depressive Disorders Is Effective, Acceptable and Practical Health Care: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE 5(10): e13196. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013196