Sore feet, Biomechanics, and Orthotics...

 

 I am a big believer in biomechanics. That belief is rooted in my personal experience with physical therapists and sports podiatrists.  That experience all started about 25 years ago.  At that time I had been cycling 150-200 miles per week for over a decade, speedskating, and doing resistance training. That all sounds like a high level of activity and it is.  But what is hidden in all that activity is the effect on biomechanics.

Cycling involves a flexed position at the hips and mainlining that position for hours at a time. The result is significant strengthening of lower leg flexors, hip extensors, and some hip flexor strengthening if you actively pull up on the pedals.  These patterns are recognizable in the hypertrophy pattern in the legs of cyclists.  At the same time, not a lot of energy is expended in muscles needed to maintain antigravity posture.  As a result cycling is one of the few exercises where energy expenditure can nearly match cardiac output – since not much additional energy is used for postural muscles.

Skating is a more strenuous combination of energy required for maintaining a flexed posture while translating lateral falling movements to forward propulsion and maintaining an unnatural posture. That also involves external to internal hip rotation under pressure as you move from the outside edge of a flat ground skate blade to the inside edge and then pushing off that inside edge.  Another critical point during skating is the hip hinge – a maneuver that I was never taught - to maintain the lumbosacral spine in a flat rather than flexed position when the spine is in a flexed skating position.  All of these movements combined with tight fitting skates, gravity, and centripetal forces while cornering puts tremendous pressure on the feet.

It only took a few years of this level of exercise to create a significant amount of foot pain. I remember deciding to try to walk off the pain one day at work. At the time I was employed by a large medical center.  Walking around the complex was probably about ½ mile.  On my first few attempts I could barely make it due to severe foot pain and back pain.  I could skate 10 miles or bike 150 miles but I could not walk around the block.

My first attempt at addressing this problem was to see a sports podiatrist right at the medical center where I worked.  I also had Haglund’s deformity of the calcaneus bones on both feet and was concerned about possible hallux valgus or bunion formation on the right. The podiatrist examined my feet, took the history and determined he needed to make a pair of orthotics.  After wearing them for 1 day – my foot pain was nearly gone and it resolved completely over the next week.  The orthotics were expensive so I had to transfer them from shoe to shoe.  That could not be done with my custom molded skates but they did fit in my cycling shoes.  I wore them successfully for at least 10 years before they started to fall apart.  I did not develop a bunion and the Haglund’s deformity did not get any worse and improved with just the orthotics. When I called the sports podiatrist's office again, I was advised they no longer did custom orthotics because of inadequate reimbursement. They had no ideas about where I could get another pair.

The theory of orthotics is that they restore the normal arch anatomy of the foot.  I was presented today with the additional theory that they also condition the intrinsic muscles of the foot to maintain those arches.  Both of those theories are somewhat controversial probably because of the diverse methodologies used to study the biomechanics of the foot. The main arches of the foot are shown in the diagram below as the medial longitudinal arch (MLA), lateral longitudinal arch (LLA), anterior transverse arch, and posterior transverse arch.  The bones that make up the MLA are colored pink and the bones that make up the LLA are colored green.

Over the past 10 years my exercise routine has changed to focus more on treadmill workouts. I use typical Bruce protocol parameters to vary the workouts from 3 -12 METS and typically do 90-120 minutes per day with additional weight training. The feet have become a serious problem again with soreness at the insertion of the right Achilles tendon around the entire perimeter, sharp shooting pains through the right arch, and excessive pressure and callus formation of the second toe on both feet.  I have Morton’s toe – a condition that occurs due to a short first metatarsal so the second toe is longer than the first.  At first I thought that this could be remedied by buying longer shoes. Even though I had worn 10.5 for 50 years – I went up to a size 11.  The problem was unchanged.  I tried running shoes that felt spongier than my typically runners.  Things were worse and I got some additional knee pain. I tried several weeks of not elevating the angle on my treadmill and that was also not helpful.

I finally went into an orthotics store today to get new orthotics. There was no medical staff around. The person who assisted me identified himself as a mechanical engineer who decided to change professions after he experienced significant relief from the orthotics he was currently selling. He had a measurement system used to estimate force distribution around the feet that produced the image at the top of this post.  He explained the orthotic system consisting of three different shoe inserts and demonstrated how this system resulted in a different weight distribution than standard shoes.  He had a checklist of other points such as pain in the back or at various joints that he said would be useful for follow up. He educated me in how long I could expose my feet to the three different orthotics and how it needed to be titrated over time. He said that none of what I purchased could be refunded – but I could get a different fitting in the next 60 days and he would call me from time to time to see how things were going. I walked out wearing the orthotics that I could use 24/7 and was reassured that I could use them starting today.

I will post how this goes over the next few months.  I am hopeful that I will get the same amount of relief that I got from my original orthotics 25 years ago.  I am also hopeful that it will correct additional biomechanical problems like my right foot inverting (rolling out) as I walk and an associated clunking sensation in the right knee as well as hip soreness and clicking during exercise.  I will be very pleased if the right Achilles pain resolves because it has become a chronic problem that I experience 20% of the time.  I decided some time ago to exercise through that pain and it does work.

So far, the cost is high.  Each of the orthotics costs three times what I paid for the originals 25 years ago.  That seems like a lot but considering inflation that is about right.  The only difference is the recommended three different sets.  There is no guarantee and all sales are final.  If they do work, this business keeps all of your specifications on record and service is possible at any of their stores.  I can’t help thinking about the economics of this situation and what it implies for health care in the United States. Orthotics have become a commercial product that you can purchase at a strip mall. I don’t know the range of sizes available or how that is determined, but I know they were not custom fit like the first pair I got from a sports podiatrist.  The retail procedure is much more expensive. At the same time, the podiatrist I was seeing could no longer afford to make them because of inadequate reimbursement.  I guess this is one way we contain health care costs in the US.  Making it retail for much higher reimbursement as opposed to rationing it at the expense of licensed health care providers.  It took me a long time to figure out that American capitalism is not about superior products.  Most of the time it is just about making money and how you can get advantages to do that.  The true test will be in the results that I will revisit over the next several months.

 

George Dawson, MD, DFAPA

Supplementary 1:  A biomechanics approach is also useful because pain can be addressed without any additional measures like medications or injections. At least that is the best case scenario.  It makes little sense to take over-the-counter pain medications when orthotics or physical therapy work for the pain. The previous orthotics I used corrected my foot and ankle pain and low back pain.  It also resulted in improved posture.  All of that from subtle (1-2 mm) changes in the position of my feet.  If these orthotics also work for strengthening the intrinsic muscles of the foot that is also an advantage over having to do specific exercises for those muscles along with wearing the orthotics.  I never found the exercises for the intrinsic muscles of the foot to be very effective.  

Supplementary 2:  Practically all of the running and athletic shoes these days have an insert in the bottom of the shoe.  This appears to provide some arch support - but it does not.  The staff person I was assisted by referred to it as a sock liner.  By definition it is typically a foam layer that your foot rests on and it is not designed to provide much support. There can be a very uncomfortable coarsely finished inner shoe surface below the sock liner.  An insole by definition is designed to provide support and an orthotic is a specifically designed insole to provide more support.  Numerous examples are available on any Internet search.    

References:

1:  Venkadesan M, Yawar A, Eng CM, Dias MA, Singh DK, Tommasini SM, Haims AH, Bandi MM, Mandre S. Stiffness of the human foot and evolution of the transverse arch. Nature. 2020 Mar;579(7797):97-100. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2053-y.

2:  Asghar A, Naaz S. The transverse arch in the human feet: A narrative review of its evolution, anatomy, biomechanics and clinical implications. Morphologie. 2022 Dec;106(355):225-234. doi: 10.1016/j.morpho.2021.07.005.

3:  Wang H, Wu Y, Liu J, Zhu X. Investigation of the Mechanical Response of the Foot Structure Considering Push-Off Angles in Speed Skating. Bioengineering (Basel). 2023 Oct 18;10(10):1218. doi: 10.3390/bioengineering10101218.

4:  Chauhan HM, Taqi M. Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb: Arches of the Foot. [Updated 2022 Nov 9]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK587361/

5:  Collier R. Orthotics work in mysterious ways. CMAJ. 2011 Mar 8;183(4):416-7. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.109-3802. Epub 2011 Feb 14. 

 

Image credit:

1:  Foot impressions at the top are from the retail store and are from my feet done today 3/29/2025.

2:  Anatomical images of arches are from reference 4 – reproduced here without alteration per the CC license as follows:  This book is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ), which permits others to distribute the work, provided that the article is not altered or used commercially. You are not required to obtain permission to distribute this article, provided that you credit the author and journal.

Trump Derangement Syndrome - Will It Become a Mental Illness in Minnesota?

 

It came to my attention yesterday that a bill has been proposed in the Minnesota Legislature to declare Trump Derangement Syndrome a mental illness.  Anyone unfamiliar with the mental illness statutes in Minnesota might ask why there are definitions like that in the law in the first place. The purpose of these definitions is threefold as far as I can tell. First, they define the behavioral evidence in terms of severity necessary to meet the standard of severe mental illness.  In common parlance that is typically described as risk to self, risk to others, or inability to care for oneself because of mental illness.  No diagnostic criteria or reference to diagnostic manuals is made. The definitions are there as lay standards so that potentially any interested person can act on them. Second, they are necessary criteria for civil commitments, guardianship, and conservatorships in the state. In other words, a psychiatric diagnosis by itself is not sufficient criteria for any of those proceedings.  The statutory requirements must also be met.  Finally, the criteria also determine eligibility for additional treatment resources like case management and outreach services.     

To confirm the validity of this proposal I sent emails to both of my state representatives Rep. Elliot Engen (R) and Sen. Heather Gustafson (D). I expressed my concern that the mental health statutes in the state are for the serious business of civil commitment, guardianship, and conservatorship proceedings and therefore I needed to know if Trump Derangement Syndrome was a serious proposal and if it was – what they were going to do about it.

I have not heard back at this point but the press coverage is increasing so I will talk about it as if it is legitimate.  Where does this come from and what does it really mean?  During the previous Trump election there was a lot of controversy about whether he had a psychiatric diagnosis – primarily a personality disorder.  There was a lot of discussion about narcissistic and antisocial personality disorders. There were several high-profile psychiatrists and some academics who maintained these positions.  These criticisms still surface today.  At the time, I critiqued those positions based on the APA’s Goldwater Rule.  Psychiatric profiling was invented by Jerrold Post, MD for intelligence gathering and it was not meant to be applied to politics.  The Goldwater Rule states that a direct assessment must be done and any information released with informed consent.  Those controversies basically faded because the public criticism had no impact and it was obvious that a lay standard in the 25^th Amendment rather than public speculation is the overriding consideration:

“Section 4:

Whenever the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive departments or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall immediately assume the powers and duties of the office as Acting President.”    

Even though a substantial number of Trump’s first staff disapproved of his performance or thought he was incompetent – there was no effort to invoke the 25^th Amendment.  He was subsequently rated as the worst President to date by polled historians.  We also learned that if the President or his party control the Supreme Court – it is possible that an entirely different standard applies than it does to the average citizen. It is clearly possible that the President can commit crimes and escape prosecution. 

The idea that Trump is an unlikeable person is easily explored with the following thought experiment.  How many people like liars? Trump is described as lying an unprecedented amount in the history of American politics – tens of thousands of lies.  At times the lies are characterized as bullshitting using Frankfurt’s philosophical definition.  According to Frankfurt - bullshitters have more disregard for the truth than liars.  So, pardon me if you think bullshitting is more acceptable.  How many people object to a person who routinely calls other people names and ridicules the disabled?  How many object to threats?  How many object to racism, misogyny, and white supremacy? How many object to withdrawing foreign aid amounting to less than 1% of the budget if it results in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of people (3.3 million according to a New York Times estimate from AIDs, malaria, TB, lack of vaccinations, and a lack of food).  How many people like the administrative, justice, public health, and research infrastructure of the United States being decimated on an arbitrary basis by Trump appointed designees?  How many people like loyal government employees working in non-political positions in the US Postal Service, the Veteran’s administration, and the National Park System terminated either for a completely fictional cause or without cause?  I think the point is made even though this is only a partial list of what Trump has done to cause people to legitimately dislike him.  I could probably come up with a much longer list.  For completeness sake – let me add – how many people like a President who attempted to overthrow the US government and who has continued to lie about the election for the next 4 years?

That brings me to the statute:

Subd. 28.Trump Derangement Syndrome.

"Trump Derangement Syndrome" means

2.24 the acute onset of paranoia in otherwise normal persons that is in reaction to the policies

2.25 and presidencies of President Donald J. Trump. Symptoms may include Trump-induced

2.26 general hysteria, which produces an inability to distinguish between legitimate policy

2.27 differences and signs of psychic pathology in President Donald J. Trump's behavior. This

2.28 may be expressed by:

2.29

(1) verbal expressions of intense hostility toward President Donald J. Trump; and

2.30

(2) overt acts of aggression and violence against anyone supporting President Donald

2.31 J. Trump or anything that symbolizes President Donald J. Trump.

        

On the face of it – this definition is poorly written by people who are obviously not mental health professionals. The wording can be taken as colloquial rather than technical.  That means the terms “paranoia” and “hysteria” are whatever the politicians decide to use them for and that could include name-calling. Concern about the Trump on-again off-again tariffs?  You are just paranoid. 

The idea that these meaningless expressions would cause “an inability to distinguish between legitimate policy differences and signs of psychic pathology in President Trump’s behavior” is laughable.  First, as previously noted nobody is making any psychiatric diagnoses on Trump.  That time has passed.  His party is more than willing to let him do whatever he wants.  Second, it does not take a mental health professional to decide if someone is unlikeable, or doing things that you do not like, or using rhetoric that you do not like, or is conducting themselves in an immoral or unethical way that you do not like.  We all do it every day.  We are all judged on our behavior every day and accountable in many ways.  The vague wording in the preamble in this statutory language is intentional and it gives the proponents plenty of freedom to determine what they think is “intense hostility” toward Trump.  They could at least include a scale using examples of Trump’s intense hostility to others. As hostile as Trump was to Zelensky in the tragic White House meeting or possibility some of his milder name calling incidents directed at Clinton, Harris, or Obama?  The essence of this language is that it sends the strong message that if you criticize Trump – you are at risk.  He is basically beyond criticism even though he is the most objectionable President on record.  The “overt acts of aggression and violence…” language is already illegal without this nonsensical modification.

Like most things in the Trump administration there is no scientific backing to any of this language.  The rhetoric is slightly more interesting. Anyone paying causal attention to the news has seen the pattern of outrage followed verbal aggression (mainly name calling and lying) that is a standard part of MAGA theatrics over the past several years. If you really have not - just turn on one of their news channels, podcasts, or radio broadcasts. Better yet – attend a school board meeting and witness the screams about book banning and other things that are often not even happening. More recently that has spilled over into MAGA town halls meetings to the point that the GOP has had to shut them down.  Other than the obvious appeals to excessive and inappropriate emotion in these meetings there are two additional patterns that cannot be missed.

The first is what I like to call the gangster approach to pseudo negotiation. This was evident in the meeting between Zelensky, Trump, and Vance. Before any actual content was discussed both Trump and Vance were accusing Zelensky of “not respecting them” or saying “thank you’.  This is what you will find in any rapper beef but it obviously has no place in high level diplomacy.  What were Trump and Vance trying to do here?  To anyone familiar with rhetoric, this is a standard attack on the person rather than their argument. Zelensky never got his argument out and then to add insult to injury he was told to leave the White House as if he had really done something wrong.

The second is a variation on that theme. Whenever Trump is even mildly confronted, he acts like he has been wounded.  One of his comments is “You are not very nice; you are not being very nice to me.”  He will rationalize the rest of his behavior such as refusing to talk or attacking the journalist or their organization based on that sensitivity.  He will often attack the journalist typically by calling them names or questioning their ability.  In some cases, he will suggest that the interviewer has some nefarious purpose or that they are part of a “fake news” conspiracy against him.  In more recent developments he is suggesting that the people in the media who he does not like will be prosecuted.

Both patterns are obvious in the news and in life. We typically encounter this kind of behavior as adolescents from bullies in schools. Recall that bully on the playground who likes to make up nicknames for classmates just to humiliate and embarrass them. He persists in using the nickname even though you and your friends don’t like it.   You all acquiesce because he is bigger and will beat you up if you protest too much. Occasionally some smaller kid stands up to the bully and punches him in the nose.  At the meeting with the principal – the bully and his father claim the other kid started the fight.  They are typically outraged and tearful.

That is the real reason for a Trump Derangement Syndrome statute.  It allows even more leverage against the people who protest the bully.  Now some politician can gaslight them in addition to Trump bullying them and calling them names.  

This is not a mental illness.  It is a political tactic.  It is an affront to anyone with a real mental illness, their caregivers and treatment providers. If this language is allowed to stand in Minnesota it adds to the embarrassments that this administration has placed on the American people and will result in a gaslighting defense for America’s number one bully.

 

George Dawson, MD, DFAPA          

To editors: I have a more concise 500 word version of this essay that could be published if there is an interest and the publication seems right.  Contact me if you are interested.  

Supplementary 1:  There still is a possibility that this proposal is a hoax. If that is true there will be a predictable response from Republicans suggesting that this response is just another example of Trump Derangement Syndrome.  Their rhetoric can be cancelled by pointing out that their technique of flooding the zone is really just another application of Brandolini's Law and it is unfortunate that they do not devote as much energy to serious governing.

Supplementary 2:  The parallels between patterns of authoritarian suppression in Russia/USSR and the current administration are unmistakable.  Non-medical and political "diagnoses" are widely used to suppress and detain dissidents and other targets of political oppression. In the US, the current administration is making strong initiatives to suggest any criticism of the President is illegal as well as many forms of legal protest.  

Supplementary 3:  Added on 3/28/2025 nearly 2 weeks after the original post. At this point I have not heard back from either of my elected officials. The proposed statute remains on the site at the following link - but it has been modified to show that one of the co-authors has been removed.  That co-author has been arrested for allegedly for coercion and enticement of a minor in connection to a prostitution sting.  As a result I have to conclude that it is still going forward.  

Graphic:

The graphic in this case is taken directly off the Minnesota Revisor web site – an official site of the state government.  The link I used is available below – but it disappears and gets updated to a new link frequently:

 https://www.revisor.mn.gov/bills/text.php?number=SF2589&version=0&session=ls94&session_year=2025&session_number=0 

 

More Than You Wanted to Know about Bird Flu and Chickens...

 

Are chicken flocks only culled in the US?

I ran into typical MAGA disinformation on the Internet the other day.  The post stated "not a single chicken" had been killed in Canada or Mexico due to the bird flu compared to millions in the US.  Since all the social media sites have been captured by MAGA I decided to debunk the claim that only flocks of chickens with avian influenza in the US are culled and not chickens in Canada or Mexico.  After reading pandemic misinformation for the past 5 years – it seemed like this was going to be an easy task and I was not wrong.

The latest North American bird population estimates were about 7 billion birds in 529 species in 2019 (1,2).  That represented a decline of about 3 billion birds since 1970.  Habitat loss, ecosystem destruction, and climate change were considered significant factors according to these authors. Anthropogenic threats like collisions with vehicles and other manmade structures, poisoning, and predation by domestic animals was also estimated to be a significant factor. Domestic cats kill roughly 1.3 to 4 billion birds annually (3). By comparison the estimate of bird deaths from contact with windmills is about 140,000 – 328,000 annually (4).      

Considering the chicken population in all 3 countries – the US has a total of 1.53 billion chickens annually that includes 1.2 billion broiler chickens alive at any one time and about 350,000 egg laying chickens. The total chicken population in Canada is 173.94 million.  In Mexico the total chicken population is 611.2 million.

Meat, poultry, and egg production in the US is regulated by the USDA and the Poultry Products Inspection Act (PPIA).  That includes other poultry like geese, ducks, guinea hens, and other more exotic domesticated birds.  In Canada it is the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA).  In Mexico it is the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development.  The culling of domestic chickens because of avian influenza has become a contentious political issue and a source of right wing misinformation. Additional misinformation has included blaming the Biden administration for culling chickens and driving up egg prices. The question of how these decisions get made, especially when large numbers of infected chickens are euthanized has been answered by experts in the past.  Here is one quote from CBS News when asked about the loss of 148M poultry since 2022:

"It's a staggering number, there is no doubt," said Jodie Guest, a professor of epidemiology with Emory University's Rollins School of Public Health in Atlanta. "But it is, and always has been a policy across administrations, with the USDA, that this is how they handle infections like this among poultry. And as we've seen bird flu move [across] species, it becomes even more important to try to contain that infection in the flocks that it's in, so that we don't continue to see spread."

The USDA has an infographic on measures to contain avian influenza outbreaks.  From that page “Birds are destroyed usually within 24–48 hours of detecting the disease. USDA pays for birds that must be destroyed.”  The cost of a live chicken can range from $5 to $20.  There seems to be a question about whether infected birds need to be euthanized.  This is the rationale provided by the American Veterinary Medical Association (AMVA):

“Recovery of poultry from HPAI is extremely rare. Infected poultry typically are euthanized and poultry products destroyed when HPAI infection is confirmed. The outcome also may be influenced by the producer’s participation in secure food supply plans. If regulatory officials authorize you to treat, keep in mind that the FDA prohibits extralabel use of adamantine and neuraminidase inhibitor classes of antiviral drugs in chickens, turkeys, and ducks.”

HPAI in this case is Highly Pathogenicity Avian Influenza defined as causing high mortality in poultry and are H5 and H7 influenza viruses.  Not all viruses belonging to those classes are highly pathogenic.  There are also Low Pathogenicity Avian Influenza (LPAI) viruses that may not cause any symptoms in affected birds.  There is the possibility that LPAI viruses can mutate into HPAI viruses and they are monitored for that reason. In the US – ill or deceased domestic birds are typically reported at the state level to animal health officials. They decide what level of analysis needs to be done and recommend protective measures.  Any casual historical search of previous outbreaks in avian populations will also reference significant culling of domestic fowl in all three countries. 

In the US, 148M domestic birds have been euthanized due to the latest outbreak of avian influenza including 20M egg laying chickens.  Exact numbers of euthanized poultry in Mexico since 2022 are harder to come by but are in the millions.  In Canada the number is about 14.5M.  I have not found a site that examines the differences in euthanized poultry between countries.  Variability will depend on wild bird exposure, total populations of domestic birds exposed, size of the domestic flock, biosecurity measures, and farm density. 

In summary, there is a consensus about approaches to HPAI in domestic birds. There is really no evidence that either Canada or Mexico does not recommend euthanizing infected birds.  There is no evidence that significant numbers of domestic fowl have not been euthanized in both countries currently and during past HPAI pandemics. From a veterinary medicine standpoint, it does not make sense – because most of the HPAI infected population dies and they act as a source for further mutations and facility contamination. The discrepancies in the total populations euthanized in all 3 countries occur because of policies (reimbursement for dead birds in the US), levels of oversight (state and federal in the US), and varying levels of reporting.  There is no evidence that the culling of birds is due to a political initiative or an initiative to adversely impact the economy.  And why would any rational President want to do that? 

 

George Dawson, MD, DFAPA

 

References:

1:  Pennisi E. Billions of North American birds have vanished. Science. 2019 Sep 20;365(6459):1228-1229. doi: 10.1126/science.365.6459.1228. PMID: 31604214.

2:  Rosenberg KV, Dokter AM, Blancher PJ, Sauer JR, Smith AC, Smith PA, Stanton JC, Panjabi A, Helft L, Parr M, Marra PP. Decline of the North American avifauna. Science. 2019 Oct 4;366(6461):120-124. doi: 10.1126/science.aaw1313. Epub 2019 Sep 19. PMID: 31604313.

3:  Loss SR, Will T, Marra PP. The impact of free-ranging domestic cats on wildlife of the United States. Nat Commun. 2013;4:1396. doi: 10.1038/ncomms2380. PMID: 23360987.

4:  Loss SR, Will T, Marra PP. Estimates of bird collision mortality at wind facilities in the contiguous United States. Biological Conservation. 2013 Dec 1;168:201-9.

5:  Ornelas-Eusebio E, García-Espinosa G, Laroucau K, Zanella G. Characterization of commercial poultry farms in Mexico: Towards a better understanding of biosecurity practices and antibiotic usage patterns. PLoS One. 2020 Dec 1;15(12):e0242354. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242354. PMID: 33259478; PMCID: PMC7707464.

6:  CDC site on Avian Influenza (map of counties affected):  https://www.cdc.gov/bird-flu/situation-summary/data-map-commercial.html

7:  CDC site:  2020-2024 Highlights in the History of Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) Timeline. https://www.cdc.gov/bird-flu/avian-timeline/2020s.html

8: Barman S, Turner JCM, Hasan MK, Akhtar S, Jeevan T, Franks J, Walker D, Mukherjee N, Seiler P, Kercher L, McKenzie P, Webster RG, Feeroz MM, Webby RJ. Reassortment of newly emergent clade 2.3.4.4b A(H5N1) highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses in Bangladesh. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2025 Dec;14(1):2432351. doi: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2432351. Epub 2024 Dec 9. PMID: 39584394; PMCID: PMC11632930.   

Details of the specific viral analysis for HPAI are included in this paper

 

Addendum:  I currently have an email in to Mexico's Secretariat of Agriculture and Rural Development (Secretaría de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural) requesting more official numbers on the total numbers of domestic fowl euthanized due to HPAI since 2022. 

Graphic Credit:  From Wikimedia Commons.  Rollover photo or click to see full credit and CC license. This is the original unaltered photo.

Mouse-to-Mouse Resuscitation

 

A paper came out in Science 2 weeks ago (1) on the behavior of mice toward their unconscious or dead peers.  They have resuscitation-like behavior that consists of biting the face and tongue, clearing the airway, elevating the tongue of the unconscious mouse to revive them. Mice who were the recipients of this behavior recovered sooner than mice who did not receive these efforts.  The authors went on to see if they could localize the behavior in the brain and using modern neuroscience techniques, they able to show that they had localized the behavior to a brain substrate.  These papers have implications for psychiatry both at a theoretical and practical level.

In this experiment researchers used genetically identical mice (cross bred for 20 generations).  They followed their reactions closely across time epochs as they encountered a familiar partner anesthetized and unresponsive or euthanized (dead) mice. When compared with the active partner, mice spend 47.4% of the time interacting with the unresponsive partner compared to 5.8% of the time with the active partner.  They also displayed a specific pattern of behaviors directed facial area, trunk, limbs and head of the unresponsive partner. 31.8% of the time was directed at the orofacial area.  The overall duration of contact was extended with the unresponsive partner and it was more focused on the orofacial area.

To confirm the sequence of events, short acting (isoflurane) anesthesia was used to observe the partner response as the anesthetized mouse became less and then more responsive.  Time spent interacting with the anesthetized partner and the topology of interactions (more targeted orofacial activity correlated with the time anesthetized.  Deceased cagemates caused the same pattern of interaction but not sleeping cagemates because during sleep the directed behaviors led to movements of the sleeping mouse. This suggests that mice can differentiate responsive and unresponsive states in their partners.

The orofacial focused behaviors were studied under a high-speed camera.  It was discovered that in nonresponsive mice the tongue was bitten and pulled out of the mouth by casemates.  A similar tongue protrusion did not occur in unresponsive mice.  Pulling the tongue out resulted in a larger airway and the removal of foreign objects in the mouth. Placing the foreign object in a non-oral orifice did not result in removal. Stimulating the oral mucosa was also a strong stimulus for the righting response and arousal. 

Familiarity was a stronger stimulus for eliciting the grooming and resuscitation like behaviors than sex differences or similarities.  When given a choice between familiar partners – one anesthetized and one not – there was a preference for the anesthetized partner.  That did not persist when both target mice were unfamiliar.  The authors also demonstrated that the time spent with the unresponsive mouse did not decrease over a period of days – it did not show habituation.

After characterizing the unique behavioral aspects of the resuscitation like behavior the authors looked at the neural substrate. One hour after exposure to the unresponsive mice the cagemates were given 4-hydroxytamoxifen to label activated neurons.  Following 2 weeks of exposure several brain structures previously implicated in the observed behaviors including the medial amygdalar nucleus (MEA), paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH), basolateral amygdalar nucleus (BLA), hippocampus, and ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH) were examined. The number of tdTomato+ cells were noted in mice that had responded to unresponsive mice compared with controls (active partners).  This marker is a sign of the transcription factor c-fos and that neurons were recently active. Using a second set of probes roughly twice as many PVH oxytocin neurons were c-fos + and oxytocin + in the mice exposed to an unresponsive partner. 

An additional optogenetics experiment was done to look at the oxytocin PVH neurons.  Optogenetically silenced PVH neuron had the expected effect of reducing interaction time with the unresponsive partner. Optogenetically activating PVH neurons had the effect of increasing interaction time with an unresponsive stranger mouse.  An oxytocin receptor antagonist has the expected effect of reducing interaction time with the unresponsive mouse.

The authors conclude that they have demonstrated the necessity of both an oxytocin neuronal substrate and oxytocin signaling for very specific interactions and behaviors toward unresponsive mice.  Further, encountering a dead or anesthetized partner is required to elicit this response but it does not occur with a sleeping partner. They point out that rapid responses to an unresponsive partner can reduce the time it takes for recovery and decreases the risk of predation.  They suggest further work needs to be done on defining the neural network and sensory cues necessary for these behaviors.

As I read this paper I had a few thoughts:

1:  The hypothalamus is underemphasized in psychiatry.  We spent a couple of decades studying neuroendocrinology that was primarily focused on the pituitary gland. In clinical work, this is also an important system to be able to assess. But in much of the work about the theoretical basis of behavior – not much is said about the hypothalamus.  One example is the proximity of neurons underlying aggressive and sexual behavior in the lateral hypothalamus. 

2:  Social behavior versus the neurobiological substrate – psychosocial reductionists frequently treat the brain like a tabula rasa - not much is there until some kind of social learning or adverse event occurs.  In this case, adaptive complicated behavior is observed without any training.  The experiment illustrates both an anatomical and neurochemical basis for the behavior. Why would we expect anything to be different in humans?  And further - given the general case of biological diversity why wouldn't we expect this behavior to be absent in some and overdeveloped in others?  Even though the authors did not demonstrate this - why would we not expect that it could also be a learned behavior in individuals where it was not present or very robust?

3:  The measurements of activity in both the resuscitation-like and non-resuscitation behaviors were interesting.  Even though the overt behaviors were easily observed as occurring or not occurring – the neurons involved always had some level of activity. In other words – no target behavior did not equate to no neuronal activity.  It is not simply a case of networks being on or off. This has implications for how we attempt to correlate networks with behavior and the meaning of networks having a certain level of baseline activity.

All things considered; I thought this was a great paper. It reminded me of my biochemistry and pharmacology seminars in medical school where we would have spent a lot more time on the experimental methodology in this paper.  I did check my latest copy of The Molecular Biology of the Cell (7^th edition) and found that the discussion of optogenetics relative to this paper was very brief, but I suppose that makes sense.  From the standpoint of animal behavior this also recalls so-called altruistic behavior of some animals.  I have a file of that behavior observed in Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) interfering with killer whales (Orcinus orca) and hope to post something about that as well.

 

George Dawson, MD, DFAPA

 

References:

1:  Sun W, Zhang GW, Huang JJ, Tao C, Seo MB, Tao HW, Zhang LI. Reviving-like prosocial behavior in response to unconscious or dead conspecifics in rodents. Science. 2025 Feb 21;387(6736):eadq2677. doi: 10.1126/science.adq2677. Epub 2025 Feb 21. PMID: 39977514.

2:  DeNardo L, Luo L. Genetic strategies to access activated neurons. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2017 Aug;45:121-129. doi: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.05.014. Epub 2017 May 31. PMID: 28577429; PMCID: PMC5810937.

Image Credit:

Generated by ChatGPT based on my parameters.  The original paper has a great image of the specific behaviors mentioned in this post.